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In this study, we analyzed the composition and content of 25 free amino acids in 32 batches of different forms of Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum(CCP; one-branched, two-branched, and three-branched) from 15 producing areas. The clustering analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) were performed based on the content of 25 free amino acids. Potential differential metabolites were identified based on VIP value. The results showed that there were 25 free amino acids in CCP, and the average content of essential, non-essential, and total amino acids was 6.13, 32.99, and 39.12 mg·g~(-1), respectively. The clustering analysis and OPLS-DA demonstrated that 25 free amino acids had different content among the three forms of CCP, of which two-branched CCP samples were separately gathered into a group. Five differential components, including glutamic acid, tryptophan, ornithine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and hydroxylysine, were screened out as potential quality markers for the identification of different forms of CCP. This study provides a theoretical basis for the quality evaluation, processing, and utilization of different forms of CCP.
Subject(s)
Animals , Amino Acids/analysis , Cornus , Deer , Gastropoda , Glutamic AcidABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The skin pH is maintained by epidermal lactate, free fatty acids (FFAs), and free amino acids (FAAs). As a significant determinant of skin health, the skin pH is increased (less acidic) under abnormal and aged skin conditions. In a search for dietary alternatives that would promote an acidic skin pH, this study investigated the dietary effects of Lactobacillus plantarum CJLP55 isolated from Korean kimchi on the skin pH, and epidermal levels of lactate, FFAs, and FAAs in adult subjects. METHODS: Seventy eight subjects (mean age 24.9 ± 0.5 years, range 19 ~ 37 years) were assigned randomly to ingest CJLP55, Lactobacillus strain from kimchi, (n = 39, CJLP group) or placebo supplements (n = 39, placebo group) for 12 weeks in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Skin pH and epidermal levels of lactate, FFAs and FFAs were assessed at 0, 6 and 12 weeks. RESULTS: Although significant decreases in skin pH were observed in both the CJLP and placebo groups at 6 weeks, the skin pH was decreased significantly only in the CJLP group at 12 weeks. In parallel, the epidermal level of lactate in the CJLP group was also increased by 25.6% at 12 weeks. On the other hand, the epidermal level of FAAs were not altered in the CJLP and placebo groups, but the epidermal level of total FFAs, including palmitic acid and stearic acid, was lower in the CJLP group than in the placebo group over 12 weeks. The changes in the other FFAs, such as palmitoleic acid and oleic acid, were similar in the CJLP and placebo groups over 12 weeks. CONCLUSION: Overall, a dietary supplement of CJLP55 promotes acidic skin pH with a selective increase in epidermal lactate in adult subjects.
Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Amino Acids , Dietary Supplements , Fatty Acids, Nonesterified , Hand , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Lactic Acid , Lactobacillus plantarum , Lactobacillus , Oleic Acid , Palmitic Acid , SkinABSTRACT
The amino acid contents of five floral sources Chinese honeys (jujube, rape, chaste, acacia, and lungan) were measured using reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The results showed that proline was the main amino acid in most of the analyzed samples. Phenylalanine presents at the highest content in chaste honey samples, and the total amino acid contents of chaste honeys were also significantly higher than those of other honey samples. Based on the amino acid contents, honey samples were classified using chemometric methods (cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), and discriminant analysis (DA)). According to the CA results, chaste honeys could be separated from other honeys, while the remaining samples were correctly grouped together when the chaste honey data were excluded. By using DA, the overall correct classification rate reached 100%. The results revealed that amino acid contents could potentially be used as indicators to identify the botanical origin of unifloral honeys.
ABSTRACT
The amino acid contents of five floral sources Chinese honeys (jujube, rape, chaste, acacia, and lungan) were measured using reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The results showed that proline was the main amino acid in most of the analyzed samples. Phenylalanine presents at the highest content in chaste honey samples, and the total amino acid contents of chaste honeys were also significantly higher than those of other honey samples. Based on the amino acid contents, honey samples were classified using chemometric methods (cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), and discriminant analysis (DA)). According to the CA results, chaste honeys could be separated from other honeys, while the remaining samples were correctly grouped together when the chaste honey data were excluded. By using DA, the overall correct classification rate reached 100%. The results revealed that amino acid contents could potentially be used as indicators to identify the botanical origin of unifloral honeys.
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Free amino acids play a great role in traditional Chinese medicine in injections of animal products, as they may take part in peptide synthesis and exhibit a bioactivity in vivo. However, most of the national standards for drugs and peer-reviewed papers only focus on the total amount of amino acids after peptide hydrolysis. We compare the advantage and disadvantage among high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), pre-column derivatization ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and ion chromatography. As a result, the HPTLC and pre-column derivatization UPLC are suitable for quality analysis, while there is high matrix influence for ion chromatography analysis. The verified pre-column derivatization UPLC method is utilized in quantitative analysis. 24 kinds of amino acid were detected by this method, and 8 of them were reported for the first time from the injection. The system has high repeatability and accuracy with LOD on the level of pmol·mL-1.
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Objective To investigate intestinal mucosal injury and the change of free amino acid levels in plasma with intestinal ischemia/reperfusion.Methods Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley (SD) male rats (SPF grade) were randomly divided into 3 groups with 8 rats in each group:Blank group,Sham group and ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) group.The rats in I/R group were subjected to 60 min ischemia by clamping the superior mesenteric artery (SMA),followed by 120 min repeffusion.All rats were sacrificed with blood withdraw through inferior vena cava.The plasma was precipitated with Sulfosalicylic acid and the supernatant free amino acid levels were measured and the intestinal mucosal thickness and villus length were also assayed.Results In the I/R group the total free amino acids,essential amino acids (EAA),glutamine and branched-chain amino acids (BCCA) were remarkably lower [the total free amino acids:I/R vs Blank vs Sham:(4585.1 326.1) vs (5661.5 ±581.9) vs (5337.9±998.7) μmol/L (F=5.075,P=0.016); EAA:I/Rvs Blank vs Sham:(1401.3 ±183.4) vs (2147.6 ± 265.1) vs (1796.2 ± 440.8) μmol/L (F =1 1.216,P =0.000) ; glutamine:I/R vs Blank vs Sham:(646.1 ± 34.7) vs (895.7 ± 258.8) vs (839.1 ± 163.7) μmol/L (F =4.326,P =0.027) ; BCCA:I/R vs Blank vs Sham:(507.8 ± 119.0) vs (912.2 ± 165.8) vs (671.9 ± 79.8) μmol/L (F =10.662,P =0.001)]and the jejunum and ileum mucosal thickness and villus height were decreased compared to Blank and Sham groups [jejunum mucosal thickness:I/R vs Blank vs Sham:(401.50 ± 117.79) vs (529.22 ±54.73) vs (499.54 ±64.48) μm (F=31.869,P =0.000) ; jejunum villus height:I/R vs Blank vs Sham:(271.37 ± 84.29) vs (365.26 ± 46.98) vs (349.67 ± 56.11) μm (F =30.472,P =0.000) ; ileum mucosal thickness:I/R vs Blank vs Sham:(254.20 ± 43.56) vs (324.70 ± 30.56) vs (298.26 ± 58.46) μm (F =30.442,P =0.000) ; ileum villus height:I/R vs Blank vs Sham:(169.37 ± 37.25) vs (221.62 ± 37.26) vs (193.25 ± 38.39) μm (F =24.145,P =0.000)],and The EAA and BCAA in the I/R group were lower than the Sham group (respectively,P ＜0.05).There was no significant difference in aromatic amino acids (AAA) among the three groups [I/R vs Blank vs Sham:(273.2 ± 37.4) vs (296.8 ± 55.6) vs (281.9 ± 7.3) μmol/L (F =0.578,P =0.570)].The ratio BCAA/AAA in the Sham and I/R groups were significantly lower than the Blank group [(I/R vs Blank vs Sham:(2.4 ±0.6) vs.(1.9 ±0.4) vs (3.1 ±0.7) (F =5.215,P =0.014)],while the I/R group was decreased slightly compared to the Sham group,but the difference was not significant (P ＞ 0.05).The ethanolamine phosphate,taurine,citrulline,cystine,phosphoserine levels were reduced in the Sham and I/R groups compared to the Blank group [ethanolamine phosphate:I/R vs Blank vs Sham:(11.4 ± 1.9) vs (14.3 ± 3.4) vs (10.1±1.7) μmol/L(F=5.897,P=0.009);taurine:I/R vs BlankvsSham:(341.1±36.3) vs(533.2±90.8) vs (439.2±105.4) μmol/L (F=10.702,P=0.001); citrulline:I/R vs Blank vs Sham:(57.7±3.2) vs (73.1 ±16.2) vs (58.1 ±3.8) μmol/L (F=6.360,P =0.007); cystine:I/R vs Blank vs Sham:(20.0 ± 3.6) vs (60.6 ± 24.6) vs (36.3 ± 5.8) μmol/L (F =15.344,P =0.000) ; phosphoserine:I/R vs BlankvsSham:(10.2±1.1) vs (15.8±5.4) vs (11.7 ±3.4) μmol/L (F=4.878,P=0.018)],and the taurine and cystine in I/R groups were significantly decreased than the Sham group (respectively,P ＜ 0.05).The ornithine and arginine were comparatively reduced in I/R in contrast to the Blank and Sham groups [ornithine:I/R vs Blank vs Sham:(81.5 ± 19.0) vs (125.5 ±42.3) vs (114.9 ± 19.5) μmol/L (F =4.961,P =0.017) ;arginine:I/R vs Blank vs Sham:(199.2 ± 8.0) vs (258.9 ± 14.6) vs (248.7 ± 38.4) μmol/L (F =13.940,P =0.000)].The tryptophan and glutamic acid concentrations were increased in the Sham and I/R groups [tryptophan:L/R vs Blank vs Sham:(125.9 ± 12.1) vs (103.1 ± 29.9) vs (128.9 ± 18.5) μmol/L (F =5.429,P =0.031) ; glutamic acid:I/R vs Blank vs Sham:(188.6 ± 29.8) vs (93.6 ± 29.4) vs (125.4 ± 43.8) μmol/L (F =15.241,P =0.000)] and it was lower in the Sham group than the I/R group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion can cause intestinal mucosal injury and the change of free amino acid levels in plasma and intestinal barrier damage may be related to the decline glutamine concentration and the increase of protein catabolism.
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Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation reduces epidermal hydration, which is paralleled by the reduction of natural moisturizing factors (NMFs). Of various NMFs, free amino acids (AAs) are major constituents generated by filaggrin degradation. In this study, we attempted to determine whether dietary supplementation of royal jelly (RJ) in UV-irradiated mice can alters epidermal levels of hydration, filaggrins, and free AAs as well as of peptidylarginine deiminase-3 (PAD3), an enzyme involved in filaggrin degradation processes. Albino hairless mice were fed either a control diet (group UV+: UV irradiated control) or diets with 1% RJ harvested from different areas in Korea (groups RJ1, RJ2, and RJ3) or imported from China (group RJ4) for six weeks in parallel with UV irradiation. A normal control group (group UV-) was fed a control diet without UV irradiation for six weeks. Reduced epidermal levels of hydration, total filaggrins, and PAD3 were observed in group UV+; in group RJ1, these levels were increased to a level similar to that of group UV-. In addition, profilaggrins, two repeat intermediates (2RI), a precursor with two filaggrin repeats, and filaggrin were increased. Although no alteration of AAs was observed in any of the groups, and glutamate and serine, major AAs of NMF in group RJ1 were higher than in group UV+. Despite the increased levels of PAD3, epidermal levels of hydration, filaggrins, glutamate, and serine in groups RJ2, RJ3, and RJ4 were similar to those in group UV+. Dietary supplementation of RJ1 improves epidermal hydration in parallel with enhanced expression and degradation of filaggrin, but not by increased protein expression of PAD3, along with increased generation of glutamate and serine.
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Amino Acids , China , Diet , Dietary Supplements , Fatty Acids , Glutamic Acid , Intermediate Filament Proteins , Korea , Mice, Hairless , SerineABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to elucidate the relationship between plasma free amino acid (PFAA) levels and the clinical stages of mammary gland tumors (MGT) in dogs. PFAA levels in canines with malignant mammary tumors were decreased compared to those of healthy animals. The levels of aspartate and ornithine, in the dogs with tumor metastasis were significantly decreased when compared to those of dogs that did not have metastases. Results of this study indicate that PFAA levels could be a risk factor or biomarker for canine MGT metastasis.
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Aspartic Acid , Mammary Glands, Human , Neoplasm Metastasis , Ornithine , Plasma , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Objective To observe the influence of Electro-Acupuncture on free amino acid in brain tissue of diabetic rats. Method The diabetic rats were induced by the intra-abdominal injection of alloxan (100 mg/kg once a day for two days). Electro-Acupuncture on Bai Hui and Da Zhui together with quick puncturing along Pang Guang meridian on the back, especially the back Shu points of five Zang organs were applied to alloxan-diabetic rats. Blood glucose and free amino acid were investigated after 6 weeks of Electro-Acupuncture treatment. Results The blood glucose of Electro-Acupuncture group was decreased obviously after treatment (P
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Objective To investigate the extracellular and intracellular free amino acid concentrations in healthy subjects and its changes in chronic renal failure(Car) .Methods The free amino acid concentrations in the plasma, in the erythrocytes and in the skeletal muscle of 15 patients with CRF were compared with those in ten healthy subjects.Results In healthy subjects, there was little ~difference between the concentrations in erythrocytes and in plasma for most amino acids; but in ~erythrocytes the concentrations of Asp, Glu, Ser were higher than those in plasma (P
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The changes in the contents of free amino acids in hemolymph of Anopheles stephenst were determined by automatic amino acid analyzer.The changes in hemolymph protein were determined by ultraviolet absorption method.Free amino acids in hemolymph of infected mosquitoes were compared with those in noninfected mosquitoes.At 4 days after blood meal,6 kinds of amino acids decreased markedly,and 5 kinds of amino acids increased markedly; at 7 days after blood meal,4 kinds of amino decreased markedly,while 7 kinds of amino accids increased markedly; at 11 days after cids blood meal,9 kinds of amino acids decreased markedly,and 4 kinds of amino acids increased remarkably.The protein concentration of infected mosquitoes was higher than that of noninfected ones.
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The plasma free amino acids (FAA) of 10 dwarfs with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) were analysed at the beginning of and 3 months after R-hGH treatment in order to observe the acute and chronic effect of R-hGH on plasma FAA.At the beginning of and after 3-month treatment, the levels of more than half of the essential amino acids(EAA) and most of the non-essential amino acids (NEAA) decreased dramatically 4 hours after R-hGH injection, denoting that the amino acids were consumed in protein synthesis, gluconeogenesis, and ketogenesis. The magnitudes of relevant results after 3-month treatment were not as much as those at the beginning (although still statistically significant), suggesting a mild metabolic adaptation of body to long-term R-hGH treament.The significant low value of FAA and urea in fasting blood after 3-month treatment bespeaks a nitrogen retention. The striking decrease in glycine, proline, glutamic acid etc., proposes an increased need of amino acids for bone growth after long-term R-hGH treatment. To meet the demand of body development, an increase in protein nutrition during GH therapy is recommended.
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Seventeen kinds of serum free amino acids (FAA) of 35 healthy persons in endemic area of Keshan disease and 38 patients with Keshan disease were determined and compared with 31 healthy persons in non-endemic area. It was found that mean values of total FAA, essential amino acids, non-essential amino acids and serum protein of inhabitants in endemic area of Keshan disease were significantly lower(P
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Free amino acids were analysed in 90 human milk samples during the first 6 weeks of lactation in Nanjin city. Glutatnic acid was the most and taurine was the second abundant component of the free amino acids in human milk. The free essential amino acids were highest in colostral milk and declined with advancing lactation. The possible roles of free amino acids in human milk for feeding infant in the first stage was discussed. The results of this study support that breast milk is beneficial for infants and suggest that the formulas should be supplemented with taurine.